Thursday, October 2, 2008

.. so I got one of the new Intel SSD's

The kernel summit was two weeks ago, and at the end of that I got one of the new 80GB solid state disks from Intel. Since then, I've been wanting to talk to people about it because I'm so impressed with it, but at the same time I don't much like using the kernel mailing list as some kind of odd public publishing place that isn't really kernel-related, so since I'm testing this whole blogging thing, I might as well vent about it here.

That thing absolutely rocks.

I've been impressed by Intel before (Core 2), but they've had their share of total mistakes and idiotic screw-ups too (Itanic), but the things Intel tends to have done well are the things where they do incremental improvements. So it's a nice thing to be able to say that they can do new things very well too. And while I often tend to get early access to technology, seldom have I looked forward to it so much, and seldom have things lived up to my expectations so well.

In fact, I can't recall the last time that a new tech toy I got made such a dramatic difference in performance and just plain usability of a machine of mine.

So what's so special about that Intel SSD, you ask? Sure, it gets up to 250MB/s reads and 70MB/s writes, but fancy disk arrays can certainly do as well or better. Why am I not gushing about soem nice NAS box? I didn't even put the thing into a laptop, after all, it's actually in Tove's Mac Mini (running Linux, in case anybody was confused ;), so a RAID NAS box would certainly have been a lot bigger and probably have more features.

But no, forget about the throughput figures. Others can match - or at last come close - to the throughput, but what that Intel SSD does so well is random reads and writes. You can do small random accesses to it and still get great performance, and quite frankly, that's the whole point of not having some stupid mechanical latencies as far as I'm concerned.

And the sad part is that other SSD's generally absolutely suck when it comes to especially random write performance. And small random writes is what you get when you update various filesystem meta-data on any normal filesystem, so it really does matter. For example, a vendor who shall remain nameless has an SSD disk out there that they were also hawking at the Kernel Summit, and while they get fine throughput (something like 50+MB/s on big contiguous writes), they benchmark a pitiful 10 (yes, that's ten, as in "how many fingers do you have) small random writes per second. That is slower than a rotational disk.

In contrast, the Intel SSD does about 8,500 4kB random writes per second. Yeah, that's over eight thousand IOps on random write accesses with a relevant block size, rather than some silly and unrealistic contiguous write test. That's what I call solid-state media.

The whole thing just rocks. Everything performs well. You can put that disk in a machine, and suddenly you almost don't even need to care whether things were in your page cache or not. Firefox starts up pretty much as snappily in the cold-cache case as it does hot-cache. You can do package installation and big untars, and you don't even notice it, because your desktop doesn't get laggy or anything.

So here's the deal: right now, don't buy any other SSD than the Intel ones, because as far as I can tell, all the other ones are pretty much inferior to the much cheaper traditional disks, unless you never do any writes at all (and turn off 'atime', for that matter).

So people - ignore the manufacturer write throughput numbers. They don't mean squat. The fact that you may be able to push 50MB/s to the SSD is meaningless if that can only happen when you do big, aligned, writes.

If anybody knows of any reasonable SSDs that work as well as Intel's, let me know.

71 comments:

ザイツェヴ said...

Of course this happens right after Val posted her anti-SSD article
http://valhenson.livejournal.com/25228.html
-- Pete

Syntropy said...

I've heard some unfortunate stories about SSD drives having a limited number of read/write phases, but I assume they would still last longer than a typical "spindle and platter" drive.

Other than that, it looks like something I might invest in when I have the funds to do so.

zrr said...

This is very useful information! Thanks!

ibisum said...

Heh heh Linus .. its nice that you're pimping Intels products for them, and all, but .. how do the kids feel about the read/write performance?

Angry Developer said...

Still nothing even comes close to fusionio's ioDrive.

Unknown said...

I really like my Mtron SSD Pro (MSP-SATA7535), it seams they got random writes down as well. It costs twice as much though since it's SLC, and it is like 5 times smaller (16GB). ;-)

I'm waiting for Intel's X25-E SSD drive, which should arrive around Christmas I think. But if I was on platter right now, I'd switch to Intel's X18-M/X25-M SSD in a heartbeat.

/Jacob

Zeev said...

http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/intel/showdoc.aspx?i=3403&p=8

The numbers are all there. Synthetic and real world both. The Intel SSD really is that much better.

dguaraglia said...

Nice! That's some useful information. I was planning to buy an SSD drive in my next trip to the first world (living in 'almost-rural' Brazil makes this thing hard to come by), so I'll be checking that.

Antti Alfred Vikman said...

I totaly agree Behrang Saeedzadeh that it's nothing even near to the IODrive, but that thing has some problems to fit into my laptop, so this might be just the thing I'm looking for. thanks.

wazoox said...

What's interesting to know about SSDs for server environment : as now most of them have a real command queue of exactly ONE command. Under heavy write loads, they can't issue a single read AT ALL. For instance, imagine a loaded mail server : as long as some mail is keeping coming into the system, no a single message can be read back from the drive.

Unknown said...

I have heard the new ISSD totalyl ROCKS! Thanks for the post confirming this.

Jiff
www.privacy-center.ru.tc

Fred Smith said...

I've had some really good results with a handful of non-intel SSDs under real heavy database usage.

Mtron/Imation Pro 7000: Twice as expensive as others, but by far the best performance we've seen. A single drive performs as well as a RAID 0 of 6 15K SAS drives.

OCZ SSD: Equivalent performance to a RAID 0 of 4 15K SAS drives. However, these are 1/3rd the price of the Mtrons, and twice the capacity.

We tested some Samsung and Crucial SSDs about 6 months ago, and found them to be slower than your average 7200 RPM SATA drive.

If the intel SSDs are as good as you say, I'll have to get some to test out.

Anonymous said...

I've seem some tests showing that the speed of Intel's SSD dramatically falls after some stressing with IOmeter. It required a low level format in order to restore the perfs.

Before IOmeter test.
http://www.matbe.com/divers/zoom/ssd-intel-x25-m-80-go/000000075294.png/

After:
http://www.matbe.com/divers/zoom/ssd-intel-x25-m-80-go/000000075292.png/

Conclusion of the test (in french)
http://www.matbe.com/articles/lire/1001/ssd-intel-x25-m-80-go-une-bombe/page12.php

So it doesn't seem it's the Holy Grail...

Jon said...

How about buffering the small random writes then writing them linearly?

The guys at http://easyco.com are doing exactly that even with drives that have bad random write performance and are supposedly getting incredible random write performance.

The problem is they distribute a binary blob with a Linux kernel stub, so it's not so usable without their help. :-\

Ethan Anderson said...

What file system are you using on it, Linus?

Unknown said...

Check out the fusion-io drive at http://www.fusionio.com/. It reduced our 15 min. database benchmark to 1 minute. We broke the test into 8 threads and finished in 35 seconds.

Anonymous said...

I do not see any reason to be happy of SSD, no matter who manufatured it or what perfomance it shows. Until SSD are limited by number of read/write phases it's cheaper and more reliable to build a RAID to receive the speed your are looking for.

Tobi said...

they may be good but surely they are not the best in the world.

http://www.stec-inc.com/product/zeusiops.php

Unknown said...

Now Linux will need a kind of persitent latency caches to use 8GB SSD to cache 1To hard disk :)

So small read and write will be handle by the SSD :)

Anonymous said...

Fen: well, if you're talking about a notebook, most of them don't have the ability to have a RAID array inside. And if they did, the battery life would be pitiful. SSD is clearly the solution for notebooks.

sauron said...

I´ve try the Intel Products versus the another ones from the MMX Processor and i can tell that the intel products in most of cases are really superior.

So i put a vote of trust in intel.

Tom said...

@Fen: Newer SSD drives are limited in read/writes. True.

But they also have very smart mechanisms to avoid errors and some backup space to replace broken parts.
And anyways .. you have to write _constanstly_ _the whole disk_ for years to force an error.
German C't magazine ran a test with some cheap USB sticks a few years ago and they wrote on those for months without any problem.
And that situation has only improved over the years.
Conclusion:
If you don't intend to run your SSD for over a decade you are very unlikely to run into any problems.

Daniel said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Daniel said...

A good review too from Behardware folks.

mwm said...

On laptops, power consumption and its autonomy is very important. Does a SSD need more energy than a mechanical HDD?

Tom said...

@mWn: No they use much less engery than HD drives.
And they are shock resistent.

mwm said...

@Kragil
But SSDs are all electric. They should consume more electrical energy than mechanical ones. I don't think that is linear. 7200rpm ones do consume less than 10k raptors but more than 5200 and lower.

Chad said...

Intel specs the 80GB MLC drive at 60mW idle power and 150mW for a "typical" workload. The Anandtech article referenced in an earlier post had a battery life comparison that clearly showed it to be better.

Chad
http://linuxappfinder.com
http://feedsanywhere.com

Poppafuze said...

Thanks for the good info Linus (gawd it's so hard to not type that with an 'x' haha).

Do you have a model number on that Intel drive?

Unknown said...

I had a pleasure to touch two of those a few months ago and i was impressed as much as you are now. Intel SSDs to rock indeed.

Anonymous said...

I'm exceedingly excited about SSD too....

http://feedblog.org/category/ssd/

We did extensive testing on SSD under Linux 2.6.25 and there are a TON of settings that need to be enabled to get optimum performance.

Including, noop scheduler, noatime, etc.

BTW.. we totally burned out our MTrons in 90 days.

We'er NOT happy with them at all.

At the end of the day I think

Anonymous said...

Some people are comparing the SSD's vs RAID, but I have to wonder, what about a RAID made up of these SSD's?

Would a RAID of SSD's be faster than a RAID of magnetic disc drives? I would hink the answer would be yes, since each of the SSDs is faster than each of the MDDs? (Though, maybe, when you have a RAID, individual drive random access times and throughput don't matter as much?)

Unknown said...

To feedblog -- I'm glad I'm not the only one who's had bad experience with the Mtron 7000s. While their specs are excellent on paper, we had a RAID-50 of eight Mtron 7000s suffer a catastrophic double failure recently. Two SSDs failed within a 15 minute period before they could be rebuild to the two dedicated hot spares that were available. Plus, we had 5-6 individual drives drop out of the array over the previous 6-8 weeks.

The specs on the Intel SSDs look amazing. However, I hope they've spent enough time QA'ing them in enterprise configurations and with a variety of RAID controllers. I do not want to experience the same problems we saw with the Mtrons.

Bernd Paysan said...

What really sucks is that Linux (and all other competing offers) still use 4k pages on rotating disks. The rule of thumb for random accesses is that the transfer time should take about as long as the latency. For current hard disks and RAID arrays, this would be somewhere between 512k and 2M.

When the 4k page size was decided (1986), it was about right. And with the current SSDs, it's again about right (the 8500 random 4k pages amount to 35MB/s, just half of the maximum write bandwidth, and that's just what you would expect from being in the sweet spot of the rule of thumb).

So, Linus, the real thing you must start to understand is how latency, bandwidth, and default block size relate. And then find someone who writes a filesystem which does make sense when it has ~1M block sizes. Then you'll see that hard disks can be fun, too.

Affenfreund said...

"If anybody knows of any reasonable SSDs that work as well as Intel's, let me know."

Samsung FlashSSD. It writes even faster than the Intel SSD and the overall performance is shortly behind the Intel. Mtron has a very fast SSD, too.
Do not forget that the Intel uses MLC memory that is not that reliable as SLC memory. The price of the Intel SSD is also at SLC level, so in my opinion there is still no SSD revolution yet. The price for fast SSDs will stay high in the end.

Unknown said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Unknown said...

affenfreund: Samsung's FlashSSDs don't even come close to Intel's X25-M. The server-grade FlashSSD maxes out at 100 MB/s read & 80 MB/s write; the Intel X25-M maxes out at 230 MB/s read & 70 MB/s write. And as for the SLC vs MLC issue, the enterprise-grade version of Intel's SSD (X25-E) is an SLC version that does 230 MB/s read & 170 MB/s write.

Megasnake's Red Right Hand said...

To all of you who still rant about limitied read/writes regarding SSD.

All SSD's distribute the data so specific block aren't excessivly used. This algorithm significantly changes the lifespan of the SSD media and makes it compatible with ordinary MTBF numbers. => The lifespan can be properly measured and repeated with real tests.



To put it short, if you think SSD's are limited to a certain amount of read/writes, then so are mechanical rotational devices.

Mocib said...

Behrang Saeedzadeh said: "Still nothing even comes close to Fusion-IO's ioDrive."

I was just going to post that.

Can't wait for the 80GB ioXtreme in Q1 2009.

Royi said...

What's the price?
Ah...
Not for most of us :-).

Unknown said...

Basically, the only thing I really care about when looking at SSDs is if and how much they speed up compile time for large projects. Reading a large number of rather small files *should* be much faster using SSDs. This is why I really was expecting some Linux kernel compile benchmarks here. Linus, would you please post a follow-up with some compile time numbers?

Affenfreund said...

@DeathToSpam:

I read several tests about the Intel SSD, and in benchmarks (simulating common computer szenarios), the Samsung FlashSSD was very short behind the Intel. The 230MB/s read and 70MB/s write are values for sequential reading/writing. But sequential reading/writing is not what you do every day. For good system performance it is more important that the random reads and writes are fast.
Of course, the Intel SSD is the fastest SSD at the moment, but the advance is not that big to call it a revolution.
And MLC is dangerous for data, too. Why do you think it's not used in servers?

And please don't talk about the enterprise version with SLC, it's simplay not payable.

Zack Weinberg said...

The rule of thumb for random accesses is that the transfer time should take about as long as the latency. For current hard disks and RAID arrays, this would be somewhere between 512k and 2M.

When the 4k page size was decided (1986), it was about right.

It's still right for the data if not for the medium. Lots of people have lots of one- to ten-K files. You don't gain any speed by bulking them up to half a meg each, and you waste space.

It's just like memory; 2MB pages are more efficient for the CPU, but useless for typical allocation patterns.

Unknown said...

Excelelnt points dude. Well thought out.

Jiff
www.online-privacy.cz.tc

Anonymous said...

@Zack Weinberg:

Some filesystems (e.g ReiserFS) support block suballocation (tail merging), which means multiple small files can be stored in a single block.

I suppose this would make it practical for a filesystem to gain the performance benefits of ~1M blocks without wasting too much space.

CyberTech said...

Very nice news on the SSD front -- Personally, I've been watching the ACARD RAM Disk ANS-9010 -- 64 GB of battery-backed DDR2 ram, stored to CF disk on power loss, bootable -- one review showed 18k io/s & 350MB reads. Be a hell of a boot disk or tmp mount.

mac.n.tux said...

Where can we get the new Intel SSDs?

steffi said...

So is it the firmware of the actual drive that spreads the writes across the drive? Flash memory only has so many write cycles so the firmware has to ensure that it's not always writing to the same part of the disk doesn't it?

BigMeanie said...

Steffi, that's true. That practice of evenly spreading out the writes across the array is called "load-leveling", and some types of flash memory do it better than others. I believe that in a typical "thumb drive", there's a separate logic circuit that handles those operations.

Anonymous said...

regarding:

>>"about 8,500 4kB random writes per second."

I'm curious as to how you tested this. My results are VERY different.

I'm using IOmeter...with real-world queue-depths (3) and a 2:1 ratio of reads to writes, I'm only able to get about 1,100 IOPS (4K, with write cache enabled). When I turn off the write cache I'm only getting 600 IOPS.

william said...

We recently showed you how Intel was intent on upping the ante in Solid State Disk performance, with our evaluation and performance analysis on the release of their X25-M series SSDs. Though offerings from other SSD manufacturers like OCZ and Samsung have come to market with better performance since then, there was no question Intel's SSD flat out smoked the competition in the cost-effective, consumer grade MLC (Multi-Level Cell) SSD market.
---------------------
williamgeorge
seo

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Unknown said...

SSD from Intel sounds good. Looks like these comments need better captcha`s, unless these are humans entering all the advertisement from China

kvz said...

Yes, akismet could help you against people manually entering spam comments as well.

This drive you tested was the X25-M or the X25-E To be precise?

Anonymous said...

mobile phones price and performance are a pair of contradiction. The word "shanzhai" is very popular in China. It is industry phenomenon of imitation, high quality and low price. Moreover, cell phones are the representative of them.The global financial crisis led to a significant shrinkage of assets for people. "china wholesale" demonstrate the might. most of them would like buy the cheap cell phones now .

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Through google search engine, when you put in "discount cell phones", you will find more than 15,000 pieces of related information. Cell phone china has been concerned in the world. Many international sellers can get a considerable profit by ways of wholesale cell phones from China and switch selling. So it is a very good job on cell phones wholesale in the current financial crisis.Cellphone , it's not just talk tools.it make life easier.

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Anonymous said...

Hi Linus, I bought the the same SSD for the same reasons you bought it. Resume time after suspending is incredable. (o:

I am not using a optimized init-system on my debian linux box. In comparison to my old 80 GB disk the Intel SSD X25-M brings up my desktop in 5 percent of the time; 15 seconds without counting the slow bios init.

I rechecked this with ubuntu; it took 3 seconds for normal boot, but i am dedicated to my debian installation. (o:

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